The gateways through the defences in York are called 'bars'. The name 'bar' has its origins in the bars, or simple gates, which were used to block the gateways to keep people out.

Originally the bars were made of simple stone. Over the years they became increasingly more elaborate and complex.

The bars also acted as control points and toll booths. People coming to York who were not residents or members of the various guilds had to pay tolls on items brought into the city.

During Lent, in 1614, the butchers and fishmongers each appointed an extra watchman at the gates and posterns to check if any flesh meat was being brought into the city.

The gates were normally locked at 9pm and the keys were kept by the Mayor. The gates were not unlocked until 4am.

The bars were also a symbol of the city's importance. York was England's second city through most of the Middle Ages. The bars became a backdrop for elaborate civic ceremonies.

In 1448, for Henry VI's visit to York, a representation of heaven was constructed at Micklegate Bar. From this a crown descended - on red and white roses - to a world full of trees and flowers which bowed to the roses.

When Queen Elizabeth II visited in 1971, she was greeted by a fanfare of trumpets from Micklegate Bar.